Plasmonic Scattering Imaging of Surface-Bonded Nanoparticles at the Solution-Solid Interface.

Imaging nanoscale objects at interfaces is essential for revealing surface-tuned mechanisms in chemistry, physics, and life science. Plasmonic-based imaging, a label-free and surface-sensitive technique, has been widely used for studying the chemical and biological behavior of nanoscale objects at interfaces. However, direct imaging of surface-bonded nanoscale objects remains challenging due to uneven image backgrounds. Here, we present a new surface-bonded nanoscale object detection microscopy that eliminates strong background interference by reconstructing accurate scattering patterns at different positions. Our method effectively functions at low signal-to-background ratios, allowing for optical scattering detection of surface-bonded polystyrene nanoparticles and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pseudovirus. It is also compatible with other imaging configurations, such as bright-field imaging. This technique complements existing methods for dynamic scattering imaging and broadens the applications of plasmonic imaging techniques for high-throughput sensing of surface-bonded nanoscale objects, enhancing our understanding of the properties, composition, and morphology of nanoparticles and surfaces at the nanoscale.

The effects of online peer-facilitated learning and distributed pair programming on students' learning.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced universities and schools around the world to adopt online learning. Teachers may wonder if their students can attain satisfactory learning performance in an online learning environment without teachers' on-the-spot attention. In order to develop students' skills in programming, promote their enjoyment of learning and intention to learn to program, the researchers integrated two innovative teaching approaches, using online peer-facilitated learning and distributed pair programming, and investigated the effects of these on students' online learning performance. This study conducted an experiment that included 128 undergraduates from four class sections of Department of Finance. Thus, the experimental design in this research was a 2 (Peer-facilitated learning vs. non-peer-facilitated learning) × 2 (Distributed pair programming vs. non-distributed pair programming) factorial pretest/post-test design. The participants in this research mainly consisted of four classes of students from a non-computer or information department who took a compulsory course on programming design.' Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected in this study. According to the results, the peer-facilitated learning group exhibited significantly better development of programming skills, enjoyment of learning, and intention to learn, than the non-peer-facilitated learning group. However, expected effects of enhancing the learning of the students in this study who received the distributed pair programming were not found. The design of online pedagogy can be a reference for online educators. The implications of applying online peer-facilitated learning and distributed pair programming to support students' learning and the design of online programming courses are discussed.

Baricitinib treatment for hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation：a propensity score-matched and retrospective analysis (preprint)

Introduction: Baricitinib is a selective inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2, which is associated with clinical improvement in non-severe COVID-19 patients. But in severe COVID-19 patients, the efficacy of baricitinib is still controversial. Methods: A propensity score-matched and retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of baricitinib in severe COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results: A total number of 46 patients treated with baricitinib were included, and 44 patients were assigned to control group by propensity score matching. The mean ages were high in both group (baricitinib group vs control group: 78.80±9.04 vs 82.57±9.27), and most were unvaccinated (65.2% vs 72.7%). Baricitinib group had a higher proportion of patients with hypertension (73.9% vs 45.5%). Control group had higher level of creatine kinase-myocardial band (247.50 vs 104.50). Patients in the baricitinib group were more likely to receive nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (41.3% vs 18.2%) and intravenous immunoglobin (15.2% vs 0). Both groups reported high all-cause 28-day mortality (73.9% vs 84.1%). The use of baricitinib didn’t reduce 28-days mortality. Conclusion: The present study revealed baricitinib didn’t reduce 28-days mortality in severe COVID-19 patients on IMV. The effectiveness of baricitinib in treating patients with severe COVID-19 on IMV needs to be further investigated through future studies.

The Effect of Health Action Process Approach on Adherence to Infection Prevention and Control Measures Among Chinese Healthcare Workers in the Post-pandemic Period of COVID-19 (preprint)

Background: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has been brought under control, strict infection and control measures are still recommended for healthcare workers to prevent the rebound of the pandemic. However, adherence to prevention measures might be decreased due to fatigue caused by the prolonged duration of the pandemic.  Objective: This study examines the effects of social-cognitive factors suggested in the health action process approach on adherence to infection prevention and control measures among Chinese healthcare workers two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 521 healthcare workers from two COVID-19 designated hospitals in Beijing participated in the survey in August 2021 and reported risk perception, outcome expectance, action self-efficacy, preventive intention, action control, and prevention behaviors during work. Results: 1) Action self-efficacy and outcome expectancy were positively associated with intention to adhere to preventive measures. 2) Action control mediated the association between intention and preventive behaviors during work. Conclusion: Social-cognitive factors such as action self-efficacy, action control, and intention should be addressed to improve healthcare workers’ adherence to infection and control measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Twelve-month effectiveness of telephone and SMS support to mothers with children aged 2 years in reducing children's BMI: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Few quality intervention studies have assessed whether a combined telephone and short message service (SMS) intervention to mothers is effective in reducing BMI and obesity risk behaviors of children at 3 years of age. This study aimed to assess effectiveness of telephone and SMS support in reducing children's body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk behaviors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 662 women of 2-year-old children (with the proportion of overweight and obesity being similar to the general population) was conducted in Sydney, Australia, March 2019-October 2020. The mothers in the intervention group received three telephone support sessions plus SMS messages and mailed-intervention-booklets over a 12 months period i.e., 24-26, 28-30, and 32-34 months of the child's age. Mothers in the control group received usual care and two mailed booklets on information not related to the intervention. The primary outcome was child's BMI at 3 years of age. Secondary outcomes were children's dietary and activity behaviors. All outcome measures were based on mothers' self-report using standardized tools due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. RESULTS: 537 (81%) mothers completed the post-intervention assessment at 3 years with only 470 (71%) children having weight and height measures. Multiple imputation analysis showed no statistically significant difference in mean BMI between the groups. Children in the intervention group were more likely not to eat in front of the TV [AOR 1.79 (95% CI 1.17-2.73), P = 0.008], more likely to meet the dietary recommendations [AOR 1.73 (95% CI 0.99-3.02), P = 0.054] and meet the activity recommendations [AOR 1.72 (95% CI 1.11-2.67), P = 0.015] than those in the control group respectively. Among those with an annual household income (

Psychometric Testing of Three COVID-19-Related Scales Among People with Mental Illness.

Fear of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) may result in psychological health problems among different populations. Moreover, believing COVID-19 information and preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors are relevant constructs associated with fear of COVID-19. Therefore, the present study validated three instruments assessing fear, beliefs, and preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 among individuals with mental illness. Moreover, relationships between the three constructs were examined. Individuals with mental illness (N = 400; 178 females; mean age = 46.91 years) completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Believing COVID-19 Information Scale (BCIS), Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The FCV-19S, BCIS, and PCIBS demonstrated a single-factor structure with satisfactory fit indices. Moreover, believing COVID-19 information positively and significantly associated with fear of COVID-19, and fear of COVID-19 negatively and significantly associated with preventive behaviors and positively and significantly associated with psychological distress. The FCV-19S, BCIS, and PCIBS may assist healthcare providers in assessing COVID-19-related information among individuals with mental illness. Consequently, relevant programs may be designed to help individuals with mental illness going through the period of crisis.

The dynamic change of serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pneumococcal isolates since PCV13 administration and COVID-19 control in Urumqi, China.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the serotype distribution and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children aged 8 days to 7 years in Urumqi, China, between 2014 to 2021, during which PCV13 was introduced in the private sector's immunization program and COVID-19 control was administrated in the last 2 years. Methods: Serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolates were determined by Quellung reaction, and their susceptibility against 14 antimicrobials were tested. According to the start year of PCV13 administration (2017) and COVID-19 control (2020), the study period was divided into three stages: 2014-2015, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021. Results: A total of 317 isolates were involved in this study. The most common serotypes were type 19F (34.4%), followed by 19A (15.8%), 23F (11.7%), 6B (11.4%), and 6A(5.0%). The coverage rate of both PCV13 and PCV15 was 83.0%. The coverage of PCV20 was a little higher at 85.2%. The resistance rate against penicillin was 28.6% according to the breakpoints of oral penicillin, which would reach up to 91.8% based on the breakpoints of parenteral penicillin for meningitis. The resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were 95.9%, 90.2%, 88.9%, and 78.8%, respectively. The PCV13 isolate was more resistant to penicillin than the non-PCV13 ones. There was not any significant change found in the serotype distribution since the PCV13 introduction and the COVID-19 control. The resistance rate against oral penicillin slightly elevated to 34.5% in 2018-2019 from 30.7% in 2014-2015 and then decreased significantly to 18.1% in 2020-2021 (χ 2 = 7.716, P < 0.05), while the resistance rate to ceftriaxone (non-meningitis) continuously declined from 16.0% in 2014-2015 to 1.4% in 2018-2019 and 0% in 2020-2021 (Fisher = 24.463, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The common serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolated from children in Urumqi were types 19F, 19A, 23F, 6B, and 6A, which we found to have no marked change since the PCV13 introduction and the COVID-19 control However, the resistance rate to oral penicillin and ceftriaxone significantly declined in the COVID-19 control stage.

Mechanisms, Techniques and Devises of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review (preprint)

Airborne virus, such as COVID-19, caused pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods of time, actually results in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, monkeypox, and other airborne transmission viruses.

Anticancer Therapy and Mortality of Adult Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might affect cancer treatment outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis identified the prognostic predictors of adult patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19, and evaluated the effect of anticancer therapy on mortality. We performed a literature search of electronic databases and identified additional studies from the bibliographies of the articles that were retrieved. Two investigators independently extracted data according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. We evaluated study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and performed a meta-analyses in order to evaluate the effect of anticancer therapy on mortality among adult patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic. The meta-analysis included 12 studies. The overall mortality rate was 36.3%. The pooled risk difference (RD) in mortality between patients receiving and not receiving anticancer therapy was 0.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-0.26; I2 = 76%). The pooled RD in mortality associated with chemotherapy was 0.22 (95% CI: 0.05-0.39; I2 = 48%), and with immunosuppression was 0.20 (95% CI: 0.05-0.34; I2 = 67%). In the subgroup analyses, anticancer-therapy-associated mortality was higher in females (RD = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.29-0.85; I2 = 0%) than in males (RD = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.04-0.52; I2 = 0%). Among patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19, those receiving anticancer therapy had a higher mortality risk, regardless of sex. The mortality risk was higher in females than in males. These results indicate that caution should be exercised when administering anticancer therapy to patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19.

Greatest Common Divisor Deciphered SARS-CoV-2 superpandemic (preprint)

Global cases and deaths showed that COVID-19 and 1918 influenza were not normal pandemics, but superpandemics. Was there a common mechanism to push pandemics into superpandemics? This common ground was explored here from a new perspective and approach using the greatest common divisor (GCD). The results showed that superpandemic viruses played tricks like superbugs. One subtlety was that SARS-CoV-2 fighted antibodies, just as superbugs fighted antibiotics. The SARS-CoV-2 spike and ORF8 proteins recognized the "Achilles heel" of secretory antibodies, namely J-chains and secretory components, and hijacked them respectively. Another subtlety was that SARS-CoV-2 expanded ORF8 protein as a superpandemic catalyst, just as drug-resistant enzyme facilitated the spread of superbugs. The SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein corresponded to the 1918 H1N1 virus neuraminidase. Both functioned as glycosylated-modification enzyme and RNA base-modification enzyme. Tampering with the enzymes was not found in SARS-CoV and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. The synergy of spike and ORF8 proteins acted as the ignition for SARS-CoV-2 superpandemic. Through GCD analysis of clinical and experimental results of different coronaviruses, it was proposed to comprehend the epidemiological traceability and evolutionary from virus sequence up to virus GCD. We sincerely recommend the GCD platform to WHO for early warning.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking of shiwei qingwen decoction reveal TNF as a potential target for alleviating mild COVID-19 symptoms. (Special Issue: Phytochemicals against SARS-COV-2 infection.)

Objective: Shiwei Qingwen decoction (SWQWD) is effective in preventing COVID-19. This study examined the active components of SWQWD and its potential targets for preventing COVID-19. The study used network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to verify the role of SWQWD targets through animal experiments and explored the mechanisms that enhance immunity to alleviate mild COVID-19 symptoms.

The Relationship between Cyberbullying Training Experience, Gender, and Depression among the Malaysian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The introduction of the online educational system during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the vulnerability to cyberbullying incidents among adolescents. This study examined the relationship between cyberbullying training and depression among Malaysian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1356 Malaysian adolescents participated in the online survey. Results revealed that depression was significantly associated with cyberbullying training. This study concluded that cyberbullying training can protect individuals from depression caused by cyberbullying. Female adolescents were found more vulnerable to depression than males during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we advocate that cyberbullying training is essential to be enforced in the current Malaysian schools' curriculum.

Trends of myopia development among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period

Purpose To investigate the trends of myopia among primary and junior school students in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. Method A prospective of cross-sectional study using spot photoscreenings in 123,538 children among primary and junior school students from 2019 to 2021 was conducted to evaluate the development of myopia in Xuzhou, China in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. Equivalent refraction and the prevalence of myopia were recorded. Results The spherical equivalent refraction of myopia decreased across all grades except grade 1 (0.23 ± 0.56 D in 2019, 0.24 ± 0.63 D in 2020) from 2019 to 2020. However, refraction exhibited a hyperopic shift in 2021 compared to 2020 for grades 1–5 (no significant decreased for grade 4). The prevalence of myopia in all grades increased in 2020 compared to 2019, and the most dramatic changes were observed from grades 2–5 and grades 7–8 (P < 0.05). The changes in myopia prevalence in grades 1–4 were mild, and the reduction in myopia for Grade 5 is significant from 2020 to 2021. Nevertheless, students in grades 6 and 9 exhibited the greatest growth in myopia prevalence (P < 0.01). All grades had higher myopia prevalence in 2021 compared with 2019, except grade 1 (P = 0.25). The prevalence of myopia in girls was higher compared with boys, and the urban myopia prevalence was higher than in rural areas over the 3 years except in 2019 (P = 0.18). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia increased during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, the spherical equivalent refraction of lower grade children drifted to hyperopia and the trends of myopia development remained stable in the post-COVID-19 epidemic period. We should be more concerned about the prevalence of myopia in graduating for the primary or junior grades in the future.

Therapeutic Effect of Tocilizumab on Inhibiting Cytokine Release Syndrome in Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients

Background and Objectives: Older adults are more susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine in the cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and tocilizumab blocks the IL-6 receptor. The objective is to analyze the effect of tocilizumab on CRS in older patients with severe COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Between February 10 and March 21, 2020, a total of 19 patients aged ≥60 years with severe or critical COVID-19 met the study inclusion criteria at the Tongji Hospital in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The patients were divided into two groups: the tocilizumab group, with IL-6 levels, which exceeded the upper limit of normal by >10-fold and non-tocilizumab group. Results: Patients in the tocilizumab group were older (73.20 ± 4.44 vs. 66.21 ± 5.06 years, P = 0.014), had lower lymphocyte counts (0.71 ± 0.18 vs. 1.18 ± 0.59 × 109/L, P = 0.016), and higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels (94.04 ± 57.24 vs. 51.65 ± 45.37 mg/L, P = 0.035). Increases in ferritin (FER) and hsCRP levels in patients in the tocilizumab group were marked. Except for one patient who died, IL-6, FER, hsCRP levels, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in the remaining four patients decreased following treatment with tocilizumab. Tocilizumab did not cause any serious adverse reactions. There were no differences in mortality, days until lung computerized tomography improvement, or renal function between the two groups. The total mortality rate was 10.53%. Conclusions: Our results support the therapeutic efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in older patients with severe COVID-19.

Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind phase 1 studies of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of BRII-196 and BRII-198, SARS-CoV-2 spike-targeting monoclonal antibodies with an extended half-life in healthy adults

Background: BRII-196 and BRII-198 are two anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal neutralizing antibodies as a cocktail therapy for treating COVID-19 with a modified Fc region that extends half-life. Methods: Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of BRII-196 and BRII-198 were investigated in first-in-human, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose phase 1 studies in healthy adults. 44 participants received a single intravenous infusion of single BRII-196 or BRII-198 up to 3,000 mg, or BRII-196 and BRII-198 combination up to 1500/1500 mg, or placebo and were followed up for 180 days. Primary endpoints were incidence of adverse events (AEs) and changes from pre-dose baseline in clinical assessments. Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics profiles of BRII-196/BRII-198 and detection of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Plasma neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2 Delta live virus in comparison to post-vaccination plasma were evaluated as exploratory endpoints. Results: All infusions were well-tolerated without systemic or local infusion reactions, dose-limiting AEs, serious AEs, or deaths. Most treatment-emergent AEs were isolated asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities of grade 1-2 in severity. BRII-196 and BRII-198 displayed pharmacokinetics characteristic of Fc-engineered human IgG1 with mean terminal half-lives of 44.6–48.6 days and 72.2–83.0 days, respectively, with no evidence of interaction or significant anti-drug antibody development. Neutralizing activities against the live virus of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant were maintained in plasma samples taken on day 180 post-infusion. Conclusion: BRII-196 and BRII-198 are safe, well-tolerated, and suitable therapeutic or prophylactic options for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov under identifiers NCT04479631, NCT04479644, and NCT04691180.

Demographic Predictors of Mothers' Willingness to Vaccinate Young Children Against COVID-19, Get Tested and Isolate: A Cross-Sectional Survey Before and During the Greater Sydney Lockdown 2021, Australia.

Background and Objectives: Having a COVID-19 vaccination, getting tested, and self-isolating if symptomatic are some of the most important mitigation strategies for preventing the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate whether demographic factors are associated with mothers' willingness to vaccinate their 4-year-old children against COVID-19 if a suitable vaccine becomes available or to get tested and self-isolate if they themselves have COVID-19 symptoms and whether the willingness could be influenced by the Greater Sydney lockdown 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted between 24th February and 26th October 2021. Questions from the NSW Adult Population Health Survey and from previously published studies were used to assess family demographics, mothers' willingness to vaccinate their young children, and willingness to get tested and self-isolate if symptomatic. The survey involved 604 mothers of children aged 4 years who participated in an existing trial in Sydney, Australia. Results: Mothers were more willing to vaccinate their children when the child's father had a tertiary education or higher, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.60 (95% CI 1.67-4.04). Mothers who were older than 30 years or who completed the survey during the lockdown were more willing to get tested if symptomatic, with AOR 2.50 (95% CI 1.17-5.36) and AOR 3.36 (95% CI 1.41-8.02), respectively. Mothers who were married or had de-facto partners were more willing to self-isolate if symptomatic [AOR 17.15 (95% CI 3.56-82.65)]. Conclusion: Fathers' educational level, mothers' age, and marital status were associated with mothers' willingness to vaccinate their young children if a suitable vaccine were available, to get tested, and self-isolate if symptomatic respectively. The promotion of mitigation strategies for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic needs to take into account specific family demographics.

Using a 5G network in hospitals to reduce nosocomial infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 within hospitals and other healthcare settings such as residential homes and primary care settings. Here, we discuss how a 5G network can be used to reduce such infections.

The Influencing Factors of Breastfeeding for Full-Term Singleton Within Six Months of Birth in Xi'an Before the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Objective: The study is designed to understand the situation of full-term infants breastfeeding within 6 months of birth in Xi'an before the Covid-19 pandemic and analyze the influencing factors of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: Five hospitals in Xi'an province have been selected as research centers. Full-term infants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited from these centers between January 1 and February 28, 2019. The feeding situation at 10 days, 42 days, 3 months, and 6 months after birth were investigated. A self-designed breastfeeding questionnaire was used for investigation and follow-up. SPSS 22.0 was applied for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding rate of full-term infants on days 10 and 42 and at months three and six after birth was 61.38%, 54.78%, 48.83%, and 38.78%, respectively, with a decreasing trend over time. During breastfeeding within 48 h after delivery, 1,653 cases (91.83%) of puerpera had different grades of pain, including 1,325 cases (80.16%) of mild discomfort, 321 cases (19.42%) of moderate pain, and seven cases (0.42%) of severe pain. Within 24-48 h postpartum, 1,607 (89.27%) mothers faced problems related to postpartum breastfeeding. Among them, 694 (43,19%) neonates could not be fed effectively; 665 (41.38%) mothers had wound pain and had inconvenience to turn over; 598 (37.21%) neonates were difficult to wake up; 439 (27.32%) mothers had incorrect feeding posture; 181 (11.26%) mothers experienced other problems. The Cox risk regression model showed that weight gain during pregnancy was higher than the recommended standard. Living in suburban counties was a risk factor of exclusive breastfeeding for full-term infants. Participation in breastfeeding courses during pregnancy, feeding more than eight times daily after delivery, were the protective factors of exclusive breastfeeding for full-term infants. Conclusion: The body weight gain of parturients should be controlled within a reasonable range during pregnancy. Parturients were encouraged by medical staff to participate in breastfeeding courses or watch the breastfeeding process during pregnancy to increase their self-confidence and improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for full-term infants. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the publicity of breastfeeding in suburban areas to promote breastfeeding.